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''Anopheles'' 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Anopheles - Define Anopheles at Dictionary.com )〕 (Greek anofelís: "useless") is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818.〔Meigen, J. W. (1818). Systematische Beschreibung der Bekannten Europäischen Zweiflügeligen Insekten Vol. 1. Forstmann, Aachen, 332 pp.〕 About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''Plasmodium'', which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas. ''Anopheles gambiae'' is one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the most dangerous malaria parasite species (to humans) – ''Plasmodium falciparum''. The name comes from the Greek , ', meaning "not", and , ', meaning "profit", and translates to "useless".〔 Some species of ''Anopheles'' also can serve as the vectors for canine heartworm ''Dirofilaria immitis'', the filariasis-causing species ''Wuchereria bancrofti'' and ''Brugia malayi'', and viruses such as one that causes O'nyong'nyong fever. An association of brain tumor incidence and malaria suggests the ''Anopheles'' might transmit a virus or other agent that could cause a brain tumor.〔 Mosquitoes in other genera (''Aedes'', ''Culex'', ''Culiseta'', ''Haemagogus'' and ''Ochlerotatus'') can also serve as vectors of disease agents, but not malaria. ==Evolution== The ancestors of ''Drosophila'' and the mosquitoes diverged .〔 The culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between and .〔〔 The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between and .〔〔 ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼.〔Marinotti O, Cerqueira GC, de Almeida LG, Ferro MI, Loreto EL, Zaha A, Teixeira SM, Wespiser AR, Almeida E Silva A, Schlindwein AD, Pacheco AC, da Silva AL, Graveley BR, Walenz BP, de Araujo Lima B, Ribeiro CA, Nunes-Silva CG, de Carvalho CR, de Almeida Soares CM, de Menezes CB, Matiolli C, Caffrey D, Araújo DA, de Oliveira DM, Golenbock D, Grisard EC, Fantinatti-Garboggini F, de Carvalho FM, Barcellos FG, Prosdocimi F, May G, de Azevedo GM Junior, Guimarães GM, Goldman GH, Padilha IQ, Batista JD, Ferro JA, Ribeiro JM, Fietto JL, Dabbas KM, Cerdeira L, Agnez-Lima LF, Brocchi M, de Carvalho MO, Teixeira MD, de Mascena Diniz Maia M, Goldman MH, Cruz Schneider MP, Felipe MS, Hungria M, Nicolás MF, Pereira M, Montes MA, Cantão ME, Vincentz M, Rafael MS, Silverman N, Stoco PH, Souza RC, Vicentini R, Gazzinelli RT, Neves RD, Silva R, Astolfi-Filho S, Maciel TE, Urményi TP, Tadei WP, Camargo EP, de Vasconcelos AT. The genome of ''Anopheles darlingi'', the main neotropical malaria vector. Nucleic Acids Res 〕 The ''Anopheles gambiae'' and ''Anopheles funestus'' clades diverged between and . A molecular study of several genes in seven species has provided additional support for an expansion of this genus during the Cretaceous period.〔 The ''Anopheles'' genome, at 230–284 million base pairs (Mbp), is comparable in size to that of ''Drosophila'', but considerably smaller than those found in other culicine genomes (528 Mbp–1.9 Gbp). Like most culicine species, the genome is diploid with six chromosomes. The only known fossils of this genus are those of ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' Zavortink & Poinar contained in Dominican amber from the Late Eocene ( to ) and ''Anopheles rottensis'' Statz contained in German amber from the Late Oligocene ( to ). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anopheles」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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